The Brain’s Neural Structure
The human brain is made up of a very intricate network of supporting cells called glial cells and billions of nerve cells called neurons. The brain can communicate with other parts of the body and control both mental and physical processes thanks to this neural structure. The main elements of the brain’s neural structure are explained in detail below:

1. Nerve cells, or neurons
   The basic building blocks of the brain that carry chemical and electrical messages are called neurons. There are roughly 86 billion neurons in the human brain.
   A neuron’s components include:

The soma, also known as the cell body, is the central region of the neuron that contains the nucleus and other vital elements.
An axon is a long, thin projection that carries signals from the neuron to muscles, glands, or other neurons.

Small, branch-like structures called dendrites are responsible for receiving signals from other neurons.
Synapse: The point where chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters allow neurons to communicate with one another.

2. Supporting cells, or glial cells
   Supporting cells called glial cells help neurons operate properly. Among their responsibilities are: defending and mending injured neurons.
   supplying neurons with oxygen and nutrients.
   clearing the brain of waste.
   Glial Cell Types:

Astrocytes: Offer structural support and aid in preserving the blood-brain barrier.
Myelin, a material that coats axons and accelerates signal transmission, is produced by oligodendrocytes.
The brain’s immune system is defended by microglia, which also remove debris and guard against infections.

3. The Process of Signal Transmission
   Through a combination of chemical and electrical processes, neurons convey messages: An electrical signal originates in the soma and moves to the synapse via the axon.
   Chemical Signal: Neurotransmitters, which convey the message to another neuron or target cell, are released when the electrical signal reaches the synapse.
4. Chemical messengers, or neurotransmitters
   These are necessary for the brain’s signal transmission. Typical neurotransmitters consist of: Dopamine: A hormone that affects mood and pleasure.
   Serotonin: Controls appetite, emotions, and sleep.
   Acetylcholine: Regulates muscle contractions and contributes to memory and learning.
   GABA: Prevents excessive excitement or anxiety by lowering neuronal activity.